Results by the Numbers - Part 1
Results by the Numbers - Part 2
Haplogroups and the finer points of analysis
The following is from Dennis Garvey who has an excellent web site on haplogroups at this addresss
DYS426=11 then you probably belong to HG2.
If DYS426=12 and DYS392=11 then you are probably a member of haplogroup R1a1 (also known as HG3).
If DYS426=12 and DON'T have DYS392=11 then you probably belong to haplogroup R1b (also known as HG1).
If DYS426=11 and DYS388=12 then you may belong to either haplogroup N3 or E3b (also known as HG16 and HG21)
"There will be exceptions to the above rules - but this method works well for most men whose paternal line is of European descent," writes Dennis. Also from Dennis' web site:
The members of HG1 (R1b) are thought to be the descendants of the Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who arrived in Europe before the last Ice Age about 40,000 years ago (Aurignacian culture). That pattern is most common in Western Europe, but is also found in all other parts of Europe. The members of HG2 are believed to be the descendants of two later waves of humans into Europe. The last of these waves arrived about 8,000 years ago and is credited with introducing agriculture into Europe. HG2 is most common in Southern and Central Europe, but that haplogroup is also often seen in those of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian descent. The haplogroup HG3 is seen more frequently on the eastern side of Europe (9% of the population of Turkey is HG3). But HG3 is also common in Scandinavia, and is said by some to be indicative of "Viking blood" when seen in paternal lines originating in the British Isles. The forefather of all HG3's is thought to have been born in the Ukraine during the last Ice Age about 15,000 years ago. Keep in mind that haplogroup classification is fairly useless for locating the place of origin of your paternal line. While each haplogroup has general areas in which it is more common, there has been enough mixing of people on the European continent to prevent using these classifications to pinpoint any single place of origin.
Source: Dennis Garvey web site on Haplogroups
Haplogroup G
This lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East.
Source FTDNA web site.
Haplogroup I
Haplogroup I dates to 23,000 years ago or longer. Lineages not in branches I1a, I1b or I1c are found distributed at low frequency throughout Europe. I1b The Balkan countries likely harbored this subgroup of I during the Last Glacial Maximum. Today, this branch is found distributed in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, and extends further east with Slavic-speaking populations. .
Source FTDNA web site.
Haplogroup J1
J1 Haplogroup J1 is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and North African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, Central Asia, India, and Pakistan. The Cohen model lineage is found in Haplogroup J*.
Source FTDNA web site.
Haplogroup J2
This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations.
Source FTDNA web site.
Haplogroup E3b
This haplogroup is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa.
Source FTDNA web site.
Haplogroup R1a
The R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black & Caspian Seas. This lineage is thought to descend from a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (circa 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is found in central & western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Europe.
Source FTDNA web site
Markers with the Fastest Mutation Rates
The following is lifted from the FTDNA newsletter "Facts and Genes" January 31, 2003 Volume 2, Issue 1
The 5 fastest moving Markers are: 464, 449, 439, 385, and 458. Marker 464 is the fastest moving marker, and Marker 458 is the slowest of this group of the fast moving Markers. The other three Markers are between the fastest, and the slowest of the fast moving Markers.
Why 389-1 and 389-2 are weird markers
As I understand it, 389-2 includes the marker distance of 389-1. The following is from a email from Gregg Bonner who tried valiantly to explain the signifigance of this to me. "A 389-1 mutation causes a change in 389-2 value. So it is one mutation. In a strange way, this ONE 389-1 change causes 2 numbers to change, but if 389-1 changes and 389-2 does NOT, then that is TWO changes, in spite of only one number being different. So in addition to checking to see if you are double-counting distance, you need to check the other side of the coin to see if there are cases of "half-counting". This is because if 389-1 changes and 389-2 does not, that means there is a change in 389-1, AND a change in a section covered by 389 as a whole but not in the 389-1 section that causes the overall (389-2) length to be the same."
Family Tree DNA maintains two data bases of results. If you signed the release they will notify you of any exact, one or two mutation matches to your results no matter what surname. They also have an anonymous data base of "ethnic origins", where they will show the number of matches and close matches, with only the country of origin shown.
Another good data base is the forensic data base. Go to this link for a data base of European Y DNA results that you can match with your results Y STR Data Base
There are links from this site to other databases in the USA and Asia.
Another Y DNA data base that has recently started up is called Ybase. I would encourage everyone with Y DNA tests to submit their numbers to this free data base.
Null 439
Some memeber have a blue asterisk beside your DYS439 results on your Y-DNA DYS Values page. The "blue asterisk" means FTDNA was unable to determine a value for DYS439, though they assigned a "12" to it anyway, since it's the most likely value. The missing value for DYS439 is due to a mutation near the DYS439 marker location. This type of mutation is called a SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and is very useful for sorting out DNA results. DNA tests for race use SNPs because these mutations are generally thought to have only happened once in the history of humanity. However, because they happened so long ago, most tests for race come back with a mixture. SNP's on the Y chromosome are passed down from father to son, so everyone who has the same SNP share a common ancestor. Based on DNA results, it appears the null 439 group's common ancestor probably lived about 2500 years ago.
A researcher of the null 439 is Leo W. Little
For more information here is a web site for null 439
This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit here.